From individuals, to families, to the general population at-large, marriage is essential to society. A committed marriage provides the best arrangement for the well-being of both spouses and children. Marriage provides a more stable environment for personal growth and development than any other living arrangement.
Yet many families in today’s culture are rent apart by separation, divorce, and civil remarriage. Former spouses and children are left to suffer the effects—effects so pervasive and widespread that virtually no one has been left untouched.
Seeing society move away from marriage, some Synod fathers have suggested loosening the Church’s teaching on marriage. They claim that this would be a more compassionate and merciful approach. But, as research in demography and the social sciences demonstrates, the most compassionate approach is to strengthen and defend marriage from the attacks of modern culture. Preserving first-time marriages is the most merciful option.
It has long been known that marriage provides emotional support for children, reduces risk for engagement in deviant and antisocial behaviors,[1] and even increases the amount of money men will earn over the course of their careers.[2] But marriage is also an essential component to positive population indicators and overall societal well-being. It is an irreplaceable institution.
Marriage and Mortality Rates
Take infant mortality, for instance. Raw data from the National Center for Health Statistics reveals that infants born to unmarried mothers are over 70 percent more likely to die in the first year after birth than infants whose mothers are married. In 2013, unmarried births accounted for less than half of total births, some 41 percent. Yet total infant deaths among unmarried mothers exceeded infant deaths among married mothers by a margin of over 2,000.[3] Even though mortality margins have decreased over the past few decades, large gaps between married and unmarried remain.
Fetal mortality rates are higher among unmarried mothers as well. According to data from the National Vital Statistics Reports for 2013,[4] unmarried mothers lost their unborn child at a rate of 7.25 for every 1,000 live births. For married mothers, fetal mortality was noticeably lower at 4.77 per 1,000 live births. Half of all fetal deaths occurred to unmarried mothers.
Being unmarried has long been known to be a risk factor for infant and fetal mortality. Marriage, on the other hand, is associated with a wide range of benefits for newborns. These include a reduced risk of low birth weight, preterm birth, and small-for-gestational-age complications. Risk factors remain even when controlling for other variables such as income, mother’s education, mother’s age,[5] unemployment status, having had a prior abortion, maternal diabetes, and short parity intervals.[6]
These differences remain even in Scandinavian countries where health care for pregnancy is free and widely accessed. For example, some 99.7% of mothers in Finland receive prenatal and postnatal care during and after their pregnancies.[7] Add to this the fact that welfare benefits for single mothers are generous. Yet even in these circumstances, where access to health care is universal, marital status makes a difference.
But infants are not the only ones to benefit from marriage. Marriage also affects adult mortality rates. A comprehensive study carried out in Japan revealed that married men are significantly less likely than their widowed, divorced or single counterparts to die of stroke, coronary heart or cardiovascular diseases, respiratory illnesses, or physical trauma.
Divorced women are more than twice as likely to die from respiratory illnesses and more than 30 percent more likely to die from a stroke than the married. Divorced men are more than twice as likely as married men to die from respiratory illnesses, physical injury (including accidents and suicide), and more than half again as likely to die from coronary heart or cardiovascular diseases.[8]
Marriage provides a more stable environment in which mothers can provide the care that their children need both before and after birth. Married mothers are more likely than their unmarried counterparts to obtain prenatal care before the third trimester. They are also less likely to smoke or use illegal drugs while pregnant.[9]
Mothers and their children also benefit from the greater financial resources that come with greater household specialization, a factor believed to contribute directly to higher income among married men in contrast to their unmarried counterparts.[10] Greater specialization not only provides financial benefits but also helps to reduce the stresses involved with pregnancy.[11] The higher incomes that result from the financial synergy of married couples also likely enables greater access to health insurance coverage and quality health care.
Cohabitation Inferior to Marriage
It is marriage rather than cohabitation that produces the best outcomes for families. Cohabiting men earn about half as much as married men and slightly less than single dads.[12] While cohabiting couples in general provide greater financial security than single mother households, they fall far behind married couples in household income and are significantly more likely to be living below the poverty line.[12] Cohabiting couples who marry are more likely to see a rise in household income as a result.
It may surprise you to learn that cohabiting couples are significantly more likely to separate and experience marital distress even after marriage than couples who never lived together before marriage. Nevertheless, for those couples who have cohabited, transitioning to marriage is still more beneficial than separating. Cohabiting couples who marry are less likely to divorce than cohabitating partners who separate and marry someone else.[13]
Marriage and Fertility Rates
Fertility rates are also significantly lower among unmarried women. Drawing upon data from the National Vital Statistics for 2010 and from the Current Population Survey[14] we calculated lifetime fertility among married women to be 2.73 children per woman. Fertility among unmarried women was a mere 1.38, only half of married fertility and far below replacement rate fertility, which is the level required to replace the previous generation.
If the entire population abandoned marriage and childbearing fell to the current levels of unmarried fertility, population numbers would implode. At such low rates, the population would not merely contract in numbers but would create major challenges for the larger society. Fertility rates so far below replacement would cause the population to age very rapidly. This would place significant strains on social support systems like Social Security and Medicare as there would be proportionally fewer working age taxpayers to pay into these programs.
A smaller workforce would put significant restraints on economic growth. This situation is being played out today in Japan. There companies are increasingly turning to importing foreign workers to fill job vacancies resulting from that country’s low fertility rates.[15] Many municipalities would become ghost towns if such drastically low fertility rates were to continue. Schools, businesses, real estate, and several other sectors of the economy would contract as the number of customers rapidly diminished.
Fidelity
Fidelity to the same spouse is the best option for families. Being married only once is a positive indicator. Men and women who marry only once are more likely to have obtained a bachelor’s or postgraduate degree than those who marry more than once.[16]
Second and higher order marriages are in general less stable than first marriages, with an increased likelihood of divorce.[17] When biological fathers are absent from the home (as they generally are in remarried families), adolescent daughters are more likely to engage in sexual activity before the age of 16 and have significantly higher risk of having a teenage pregnancy.[18] They are also significantly more likely to have attempted committing suicide.[18]
Studies have shown that divorce and broken families tend to breed family disruption in the second generation[19][20] and can even cause marital discord in the third generation, with increased tension between parents and third-generation children.[21] It is therefore in the best interest of society to foster and protect marriages.
Public policy should adopt measures that help rather than hinder married couples and should be careful not to incentivize divorce or marital disruption. The young should be educated about the harms of cohabitation and should be encouraged to marry rather than merely cohabiting.
Couples should also work to strengthen their own marriages and should work to support and reassure the marriages of their friends. One study found that 78 percent of married spouses who reported their marriage as “very unhappy” but stayed married anyway, had changed their minds five years later and reported that they now saw themselves as “happily married.”[22] Couples going through difficult times in their marriages should be encouraged to work things out. Lower divorce rates would go a long way towards preventing many of the adverse consequences discussed here.
True compassion would be helping couples to live out their marriages while being attentive to the needs of single, divorced, and widowed persons who may struggle without the support of a spouse.
Marriage is a great good which societies abandon at their peril.
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[1] Patrick F. Fagan and Aaron Churchill, “The Effects of Divorce on Children,” Marriage and Religion Research Institute, (Washington: MARRI, 2012), http://downloads.frc.org/EF/EF12A22.pdf.
[2] Hyunbae Chun and Injae Lee, “Why do married men earn more: Productivity or marriage selection?,” Economic Inquiry 39, no. 2 (2001): 307-319.
[3] T.J. Mathews, M.F. MacDorman, and M.E. Thoma, “Infant mortality statistics from the 2013 period linked birth/infant death data set,” National Vital Statistics Reports 64, no. 9 (Hyattsville: National Center for Health Statistics, 2015).
[4] M.F. MacDorman and E.C.W. Gregory, “Fetal and perinatal mortality: United States, 2013,” National Vital Statistics Reports 64, no. 8 (Hyattsville: National Center for Health Statistics, 2015).
[5] A. Arntzen, T. Moum, P. Magnus, and L.S. Bakketeig, “Marital status as a risk factor for fetal and infant mortality,” Scandinavian Journal of Social Medicine 24, no. 1 (1996): 36-42.
[6] Kaisa Raatikainen, Nonna Heiskanen, and Seppo Heinonen, “Marriage still protects pregnancy,” BJOG 112 (2005): 1411-1416.
[7] Raatikainen, “Marriage still protects pregnancy,” 1412.
[8] Ai Ikeda, Hiroyasu Iso, Hideaki Toyoshima, Yoshihisa Fujino, Tetsuya Mizoue, Takesumi Yoshimura, Yutaka Inaba, Akiko Tamakoshi, and JACC Study Group, “Marital status and mortality among Japanese men and women: the Japan Collaborative Cohort Study,” BMC Public Health 7, no. 73 (2007), accessed September 15, 2015, doi:10.1186/1471-2458-7-73.
[9] Rachel Tolbert Kimbro, “Together Forever? Romantic Relationship Characteristics and Prenatal Health Behaviors,” Journal of Marriage and Family 70, no. 3 (2008): 745-757.
[10] Chun and Lee, “Why do married men earn more: Productivity or marriage selection?,” 307-319.
[11] Pamela J. Feldman, Christine Dunkel-Schetter, Curt A. Sandman, and Pathik D. Wadhwa, “Maternal Social Support Predicts Birth Weight and Fetal Growth in Human Pregnancy,” Psychosomatic Medicine 62 (2000): 715-725.
[12] Wendy D. Manning and Daniel T. Lichter, “Parental Cohabitation and Children’s Economic Well-Being,” Journal of Marriage and Family 58, no. 4 (1996): 998-1010.
[13] Jay Teechman, “Premarital Sex, Premarital Cohabitation, and the Risk of Subsequent Marital Dissolution Among Women,” Journal of Marriage and Family 65 (2003): 444-455.
[14] U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 2010, Annual Social and Economic Supplement.
[15] Lisa Du, “In Japan, Foreigners Increasingly Fill Workforce Gaps,” The Wall Street Journal, August 30, 2015, accessed September 19, 2015, http://www.wsj.com/articles/in-japan-foreigners-increasingly-fill-workforce-gaps-1440987888 .
[16] Jamie M. Lewis and Rose M. Kreider, “Remarriage in the United States,” American Community Survey Reports, no. ACS-30, March 10, 2015 (U.S. Census Bureau, 2015).
[17] Marilyn Coleman, Lawrence Ganong, and Mark Fine, “Reinvestigating remarriage: Another decade of progress,” Journal of Marriage and the Family 62, no. 4 (2000): 1288-1307.
[18] Bruce J. Ellis, John E. Bates, Kenneth A. Dodge, David M. Fergusson, L. John Horwood,
Gregory S. Pettit, and Lianne Woodward, “Does Father Absence Place Daughters at Special Risk for Early Sexual Activity and Teenage Pregnancy?,” Child Development 74, no. 3 (2003): 801–821.
[19] Verna M. Keith and Barbara Finlay, “The Impact of Parental Divorce on Children’s Educational Attainment, Marital Timing, and Likelihood of Divorce,” Journal of Marriage and Family 50, no. 3 (1988): 797-809.
[20] Paul R. Amato, “Explaining the Intergenerational Transmission of Divorce,” Journal of Marriage and Family 58, no. 3 (1996): 628-640.
[21] Paul R. Amato and Jacob Cheadle, “The Long Reach of Divorce: Divorce and Child Well-Being across Three Generations,” Sociology Department, Faculty Publications, http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/sociologyfacpub/25, accessed September 19, 2015, originally published in Journal of Marriage and Family 67, no. 1 (2005): 191–206, doi 10.1111/j.0022-2445.2005.00014.x.
[22] Linda J. Waite, Don Browning, William J. Doherty, Maggie Gallagher, Ye Luo, and Scott M. Stanley, “Does Divorce Make People Happy?: Findings from a Study of Unhappy Marriages,” Institute for American Values, (New York: Institute for American Values, 2002), http://americanvalues.org/catalog/pdfs/does_divorce_make_people_happy.pdf .
